Biography of Freud:Life and Works

Biography of Freud:Life and Works

The life and work of Sigmund Freud represent a fundamental contribution to the culture of the twentieth century. Freud time is a time of transition and crisis and he was one of the protagonists. The great work of Freud emerged as a critical and scholarly development of a culture from within and through the deep layers of the mind of a man of his time. Sigmund Freud his whole life was dominated by a desire epic. Surrounded by great loyalties, faced losenemigos furiously, working with fervor by the revolutionary ideals of the knowledge of the mind and life of men and supported by the universal culture heroes. On the other hand was a man, a Jewish son of an elderly parent and submissive and extended family economic resources and sometimes quite limited. This is how Freud ranged mostly between passionate enthusiasm and bitter depreciation of the work in creation. Freud rigorously organized their lives around a cigar and work. Was dominated throughout its existence by a thirst for knowledge and, although always rejected by a high speculative spirit. More than a therapist or even a clinician, was a research scientist positivist heir of the Enlightenment, Darwin and Newton. He was also a gentleman nineteenth century, of great culture and learning, I was able to take a dramatic leap into the depths of himself and others supported the ideals of work and scientific knowledge through which he could cope with their shame and prejudice when he could. In this way the life and work in the special case of Sigmund Freud are particularly intertwined with each other. The sequential historical knowledge of both life and the work of the great Viennese psychoanalyst is very useful because, as with the great creators, the existence of Freud has different phases determined by different works and in which various models arose theory . Freud's biography by Peter Gay ("FREUD. A life of our time." PETER GAY. Paidos, Buenos Aires, 1989.) Is an exciting story of the life of a great man that is so close. I synthesized, summarized or taken texts of this work. This work has pragmatic didactic purpose: to serve to locate it more easily in the sequence of the life and work of Sigmund Freud. Dr. LEON COHEN M.

FIRST DECADE
(1856-1866) [CHILDREN: From Freiberg to Vienna]
1856 SIGISMUND Schlomo Freud was born May 6, Freiberg (now Pribor) Schlossergasse street 117, in a single rented room on the second floor of a modest house. Son of Jacob Freud (40, Jewish wool merchant) and Amalia Nathansohn (20 years, Jewish)
1858 Julius Freud dies at seven months of age, younger brother of S. imediatamente Freud. 1859. The Freud family moved to Leipzig.
1860 Freud's family settled in Vienna, in the Jewish quarter of Leopoldstadt. From this year on, until
Freud born four hermanasde 1866: Rose, Marie, Adolfine, and besides Pauline Alexander, elhermano less.
1865 Freud enters the Gymnasium
SECOND DECADE
(1866-1876) [Adolescence: The heroic project]
1867 Jacob Freud confided to his son Sigmund humiliating incident with antisemitic Austrian Freiberg, which promoted the young Freud revenge fantasies through identification with the Semitic Hannibal and his fight against the Romans.
Freud ends his Gymnasium 1873 at seventeen years of age. Great curiosity and hunger for knowledge. Influence of Goethe, Darwin, Feuerbach, Brentano. Login to medicine (University of Vienna). Economic crisis and anti-Semitism in Vienna.
1875 The Freud family moved to a larger house but still not enough for a family as large. Make a visit to his half brothers in Manchester, England.
DECADE OF TWENTY
1876-1886) [Training: Brucke, Breuer, Charcot]
1876 ​​began working in the laboratory of the physiologist Ernst Brucke.
1877 Early work from research on the nervous system in fish.
1879 Freud (23 a.) Takes a year of compulsory military service
1880 Josef Breuer started treating Anna O. (21 years) which is extended by a year and a half. Freud translates texts of John Stuart Mill as "On the emancipation of women", "Plato", "the labor question", "Socialism".
1881 Freud ends the medical career at age 25.
Meet Martha Bernays 1882 (21 years, Orthodox Jewish family, resident Wandsbek, Hamburg) and in June committed to it. Vienna General Hospital. Department of Internal Medicine prof. Hermann Nothnagel. Department of the brain anatomist and psychiatrist Theodor Meynert.
1883 Confidentiality of Josef Breuer to Freud about his clinical experience with patient Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim).
1884 Research on the anesthetic properties of cocaine.
1885 Leaves the Vienna General Hospital after scaling varying degrees until rivatdozent level, but still with very limited income. Scholarship to travel to Paris and study with Charcot for a period of six months. It microscopic anatomical work in brains of children in the laboratory at the Salpetriere Charcot.
DECADE OF THIRTY
(1886-1896) [From neurology to psychology]
1886 works exclusively in private practice (Rathhausstrasse No. 7) and continues to research in the anatomical laboratory of Meynert. He married Martha Bernays in civil ceremony held in Wandsbeck. The next day, following an obligation to Austrian law, was celebrated a religious ceremony, Jewish of course. First psychiatric publications: "Observations on a severe hysterical hemi (Contributions to the casuistry of hysteria)". Conference on "male hysteria". To the disbelief of his colleagues. Meynert, before support breaks with Freud.
1887 His first daughter, Mathilde, named in tribute to the wife of Breuer. Meet Wilhelm Fliess.
1888 Post the text "Hysteria", anonymously, Villaret's Encyclopedia published in two volumes in 1888 and 1891.
1889 Visit to H. Bernheim in Nancy. Treat the patient Emmy von M. using first scan method Breuer hypnotized.
1890 A grateful patient, Madame Benvenisti, which gives him become the famous analytic couch. Freud prefers the notion of Bernheim on suggestion ("state of concentration", "the technique of pressure on the forehead"), instead of hypnosis (Charcot). Post the text "Treatment of the soul".
1891 H.W.G. Waldeyer published his monograph on the theory of "neuron". Birth of second son Oliver in memory of his beloved Oliver Cromwell. The Freud family moved to Berggasse 19, apartment where he lived for forty-seven years and the only leave for exile. He published his first book, called "The conception of aphasia (Critical Study)" dedicated to Breuer.
1892 Treatment of Elizabeth von R., the first comprehensive analysis of hysteria have made. Ms. Lucy R. Treat Write your "Contributions to the studies on hysteria" and, with Breuer's "Preliminary Communication Outlines" which set forth the doctrine of hysteria.
1893 Die J-M. Charcot. Birth of his daughter Sophie Freud. Theory of sexual purchased (for "exhaustion caused by masturbation or coitus interruptus") of neurasthenic neurosis. Publication of the text "The Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena: Preliminary Communication". Write the Foreword and notes to the translation of the Book of Charcot called "Lessons from Tuesday." Also published an article neuropsychiatric called "Comparative study of organic and hysterical motor paralyzes" and two items neurological "On the familial forms of cerebral diplegia", "The cerebral diplegia in childhood". Post an article called "Charcot" and one "On a common concomitant symptom of nocturnal enuresis in children."
1894 Publication of the text on "The neuro-psychoses of defense. Testing a psychological theory of acquired hysteria, of many phobias and obsessions and of certain hallucinatory psychoses." Article neurological addition "Contribution to the knowledge of the brain diplegias (regarding Little's disease)."
Anna Freud was born 1895. Post in collaboration with Josef Breuerla work: "Writings on Hysteria" whose first chapter is "Preliminary Communication". Enter the "Project for a Scientific Psychology". It also publishes "The neurasthenia and anxiety neurosis." Justification for separating from neurasthenia a symptom complex, as an "Neurosis of Trouble", "Obsessions and Phobias", "Critique of anxiety neurosis." He traces Edinger's work called "A new theory on the origin of some nervous disorders, especially neuritis and tabes" and an article "On the neuralgia paresthetica Bernhardt's leg." On the night of 23 July 24th had the great dream Freud called "the dream of Irma's injection," which became a paradigm for the notion that dreams are realizations of desire.
DECADE OF FORTY
(1896-1906) [Psychoanalysis and metapsychology: 1st. aparatomental model (topical)]
1896 was published an article called "The neuro-psychoses of defense" (seduction theory). French is published in the article "Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses". Post the article "The etiology of hysteria". It is also in this year that Freud once used by Prime to the term "psychoanalysis" as Gay, first in French and then in German. Also in this year, in the letter to Fliess on February 13 for the first time used the important term "metapsychology". He also writes the preface to the second German edition of H. Bernheim "The suggestion and therapeutic applications."
1897 Death of Jacob Freud (Freud's father) at age 81. He joins the Jewish lodge "Wien" movement of the B'nai B'rith in which give some lectures. Freud's self-analysis began systematically less organized fashion that began two or three years earlier. Waiver of seduction theory. Belief that the child's Oedipal relationship with his parents would rather general fact early childhood.
Articles Post 1898 "Sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses" and "On the psychical mechanism of forgetfulness". Besides neurological published an article with the first part of the work called "Cerebral palsy".
Late in the year 1899 published the seminal work of Freud, "The Interpretation of Dreams". Writes the text "A premonition dream fulfilled" to be published in 1941. Write a "Autobiographical Note" to be published in 1901. It published the second part of the text of "Cerebral palsy".
1900 Deep and final break in the relationship with Fliess. Started Dora psychoanalytic treatment (18), and eleven months after she interrupted. It is published the third and final part of the text "Cerebral palsy".
1901 Visit to Rome with his brother Alexander. It is published in this year, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life". It publishes a summary of "The Interpretation of Dreams" with the name of "Dream On". Write the "piecemeal analysis hysteria. (Dora)" which would be published in 1905.
Start 1902 "on Wednesday Psychological Society" were: Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane, Rudolf Reitler, Alfred Adler, The first job was discussed around the psychological effect of snuff. Extraordinarius Appointed Professor at the University of Vienna
1903 Review is published on the work of G. Biedenkapp "In the fight against brain bacilli"
1904 Publication of "The Freud's psychoanalytic method." "On Psychotherapy". Last Conference before an audience exclusively Freud doctor, the Medical Association of Vienna on new ideas about the theory and treatment of hysteria. Write the text on "Psychopathic Characters on the stage" to be published in 1942. He published several reviews. About J. Bigelow "The mystery of sleep," on A. Baumgarten "Neurasthenia: its essence, healing and prevention." Also an article called "Notes on magnetic men", an obituary to Prof. S. Hammerschlag. Write two letters to W. Fliess that would be published in 1906.
1905 Freud finally published the work "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality." It publishes "Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious". Published Dora history written in 1901. It publishes a review of the book by R. Wickmam called "Rules for neurotic life."
DECADE OF FIFTY
(1906-1915) [The great expansion: clinical and psychoanalytic politics]
1906 Freud's fiftieth birthday. The biographer Gay makes a more personal and domestic review of Freud this time. This is a particularly fertile period in which Freudse maintained, as was his lifelong approach, firmly attached to the work which would always be your source of fulfillment and relief. Scrupulously neat in his home and work life, working day began at seven o'clock and attended eight to twelve patients. At one o'clock lunch with the family and then went for a walk to return to the query from weights until nine. Then dinner and then or played cards with Minna, sucuñada, or went to Martha or any of his daughters to pasearoa coffee. Back in the night to read or write until one. On weekends, Saturdays between five and seven spoke lectures at the University and then to a friend's house to play taroc. On Sunday morning, visiting his mother and afternoon writing. Also organized with the summer time for the whole family where it lay and walked. As noted it was a neat and careful struggled in bourgeois self-manage a temper "volcanic", restless, possessing a deep and inquisitive eyes that revealed his "hunger for knowledge" and new things and he did assert itself against others, but on the other hand, continually had to face in private to a persistent feeling depressed about himself. As a parent managed to generate an atmosphere of respect and order without intimidation, achieving a comprehensive and caring relationship, if rather formal, reserved and with a low and distant physical contact with their children. In the same way through the intimate letters poured into Freud reveals a less sexual activity and irregular and sometimes downright failed or missing, the presenciade contrastantecon erotic sensations in their dreams or complacent with women like Lou-Andreas Salome. Freud was a clear pleasure for things we appreciated the natural beauty laépoca.La bourgeoisie during the holidays, familiar objects or memories, pictures and ornaments, as well as his irrepressible inclination to collect the antiques that repletaban his office. On the other Parteno showed sympathy for the art "modern" or painting or interior architecture and things at home were arranged according to the domestic accommodation. In literature stayed with the classics, and a taste for crime fiction authors and protesters. Regarding the music and theater specifically very insensitive to diferenciadesu taste for everyday cooking, and of course, his passion for cigars which adjudicated some power to stimulate working capacity and self control. At this time the Wednesday Society consists of seventeen members. Otto Rank Integrates salary as secretary to the Wednesday Society. They lay (non-medical) and Hugo Heller (bookseller and publisher), Max Graf (father of pequeñoHans, star of one of the most famous cases of Freud future). Among physicians emphasized Paul Federn, Isidor Sadger, Eduard Hitschmann. Writes the Foreword to the first edition of the "Collection of essays on the theory of the neuroses of the years 1892-1906" published this year. He published "Sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses", "Psychoanalysis and forensic instruction", the "Letter to Magnus Hirschfeld: Monthly Report of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, Leipzig, February," and "Two letters to Wilhelm Fliess "in the work of R. Pfenning called "Wilhelm Fliess and his followers, O. Weininger and H. Swoboda". In this year and finally broke publicly with Fliess.
1907 Starts the psychoanalytic treatment of Ernst Lanzer, the Hombrede the Rats ("Rattenmann") (29). It lasted less than a year and was successful. This case became a theoretical and technical model of obsessional neurosis. Post a short article called "Open Letter to Dr. M. Fürst". Publication of the book "Delirium and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva". It publishes "obsessive acts and religious rites," and the letter to the editor Hugo Heller called "Response to a survey about reading and good books", and a "Presentation of the Library of applied psychology."
1908 Based on the group Wednesday Society Psicoanalíticade Freud founded the Vienna Society. In the spring of this year marks the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis, enSalzburgo. Allise founded the first psychoanalytic journal, the Jahrbuchfür Psychoanalytische psychopathologische und Forschungen with Freudy E. Jung Bleuler as directors and as editor. It integrates the Wednesday Group Sándor Ferenczi of Budapest, along with Victor Tausk (lawyer), Carl Furtmuller (school teacher), Hans Sachs (lawyer). Visitors spend as A. A. Brill (traductoramericano Freud), Ernst Jones, Edoardo Weiss (analysis pioneered in Italy), and the "Swiss" Max Eitingon, C. G. Jung, Ludwig Binswanger, Karl Abraham who this year founded the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society, Oskar Pfister, Lou-Andreas Salome. Visitapor second time England. Conference are published "The creative writer and fantasize", "hysterical fantasies and their relation to bisexuality", "Character and anal eroticism", "infantile sexual theories", "Sexual morality cultural and modern nervousness "and elPrólogo to Wilhelm Stekel's book called" nervous anxiety states and their treatment. "
1909 In February this year he married Mathilde Freud with Viennese businessman Robert Hollitscher. Travel to Worchester, Massachusetts, United States. There Sepiembre 10 this year taking over from G. Stanley Hall, president of Clark University, the title of honorary doctor of laws. In addition five lectures on psychoanalysis pronounced in German, at the University. Jung and Ferenczi accompanied him and received him, to his arrival in New York, Jones and Brill. He had the opportunity to meet there with William James. Launched the first issue of Jahrbuch für psychopathologische Psychoanalytische und Forschungen with pequeñoHans history ("Analysis of a Phobia in a five year old") in it. Little Hans (5 years) was the son of musicologist Max Graf who was a member of the Wednesday Group for some years. This case was a significant contribution to the theory of the Oedipus complex and repression. The first of December this year he exhibited at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Work "A childhood memory of Leonardo da Vinci". He published "Overview of the hysterical attack", "The neurotic's family romance" and the history of the Rat Man "A case of obsessional neurosis" written two years earlier.
1910 is made Psychoanalytic Congress Nürnberg. In estecongreso Freud proposed the creation of an International Psychoanalytic Association. Give the conference on "The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy" and publishes "On the wild psychoanalysis", "A childhood memory of Leonardo Da Vinci", "On the meaning of the voices antithetical primitive", "Symposium on suicide Contribucionesal "" On a special type of object choice in man "," psychoanalytic concept of psychogenic disturbance of vision "," Examples of how neurotic fantasies reveal pathogenic "," A typical example of a disguised Oedipus dream "a" Letter to Dr. Friedrichs. Krausssobre the Antropophyteia in the Annals to folkloric research studies on the evolution of sexual morality, and finally a review of the work of Wilhelm Neutra called "Letters to nervous women."
1911 Under the influence of Ernst Jones founded the American Psychoanalytic Association. He founded the New York Psychoanalytic Society. It celebrates the Weimar Psychoanalytic Congress. Jung is reelected as president of the International Psychoanalytical Association. By now more noticeable is the discomfort and inconvenience of Jung versus rule of Freud's authority. The break with Adler is definitive. Adler left the Vienna Society. It publishes a third technical article: "The use of dream interpretation in psychoanalysis". It publishes "The two principles of psychic happen", "Psychoanalytic Observations on a case of paranoia (dementia paranoids) described autobiographically (Schreber)," The meaning of alliteration of vowels "," Great is Artemis Ephesian! "" Contribution to the study of the forgetting of names, "the" Additions to the Interpretation of Dreams ", a review of the work of G. Greve" on psychology and psychotherapy in certain states distressing "an article footnote of W . Stekel called "On the Psychology of exhibitionism" and an article Footnote James J.Putman translated by Freud and titled "On the etiology and treatment of psychoneurosis." In this year he wrote the article "The dreams in the folklore "to be published in 1957 and" On Psychoanalysis "which will be in 1913.
1912 Jones proposed to form a committee closed (Jones, Ferenczi, Rank, Abraham, Sachs) around Freud given the dangerous developments were taking power struggles within the International Psychoanalytical Association. Publishes technical articles "On the dynamics of transference" and "Recommendations to Physicians on psychoanalytic treatment". In March this year Freud published in Imago magazine recently published the first of the items that compose "Totemy Taboo" and that is the horror of incest. Appendix is ​​published in written Schreber case in 1911. Also published "On the types of acquisition of neurosis," "On a general degradation of erotic life. Contributions to the psychology of the erotic life", "Contributions to the Symposium on masturbation", "Some remarks on the concept of the unconscious in psychoanalysis "and" Order for the psychoanalysts of examples of childhood dreams of special significance ".
1913 In January of this year he married Sophie Freud photographer Hamburg Max Halberstadt. Under the influence of Ernst Jones Psychoanalytic Society is founded in London. Ferenczi founded the Budapest Psychoanalytic Society which leading analysts would come as Franz Alexander, Sándor Radó, Michael Balint, Geza Róheim Rene Spitz, etc.. In September this year takes place the International Psychoanalytic Congress in Munich chaired by CG Jung, amid rivalries uninamistoso filled environment, deep theoretical differences, resentment and mutual distrust. After Congress Jung break with Freud became final and violent. Ultimately Freud ends the fourth and final article in "Totem and Taboo". Post a new technical article: "On the initiation of treatment." He published "A dream as a witness", "Dreams-themed children's stories", "The theme of the three caskets", "Two children lies", "Experiences and examples of analytic practice", "The provisions to obsessional neurosis "" The multiple interest of psychoanalysis "," Dreams children with special meaning, "" On Psychoanalysis "written the previous year, the Preface to the book of John Gregory Bourke called" eschatological elements in the habits, customs, beliefs, and customary law of peoples ", the Preface to the book of Oskar Pfister" The psychoanalytic method. A systematic empirical exposure ", the Preface to the book of Maxim Steiner called" psychic disorders of male potency. "
1914 World War I begins. Jung resigned as president of the International Association. Freud published his seventh technical article in the series: "; Remembering, repeating and working". Freud published the article "The Moses of Michelangelo". It publishes "On Narcissism". Also published "La fausse reconnaissance raconté during analysis leaves", "History of the psychoanalytic movement", "Representation of the Great Azaña in sleep", "About Schoolboy Psychology". He also writes the "History of a neurosisinfantil (The Wolf Man)" to be published in 1918.
1915 Post ninth technical work on "Remarks on transference love". Post "Instincts and their vicissitudes' in which keeps the idea of ​​the drive as psychical representative of somatic stimuli," Repression "in which conceptually becomes to gather all around defense mechanisms of repression, and" I unconscious "in elque emphasizes the justification and need for a domain in which they operate stringent laws and dynamic conflicts of which are shown inthe pathology and normality. Freud said twelve articles on the subject, but only three this year publicóestos. In this year he wrote the "metapsychological Adding to the theory of dreams" and "The Mourning and Melancholia" to be published in 1917. Also published "Report of a case of paranoia against psychoanalytic theory", the "Letter to Dr.Frederik van Eeden, and the" Letter to Dr. Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth ", and the Preface to the third edition of "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality".
DECADE OF THE SIXTIES
(1916-1926) [The deployment metapsychological: 2nd. mental apparatus model (structural)]
1916 Publication of the article written last year on "The perishable". Also published "obsessive Símilmitológico a plastic representation", "A relationship between a symbol and a symptom", "Some types caractéricos revealed by psychoanalysis" and an article footnote of Ernst Jones called "Professor Janet and psychoanalysis ".
1917 The World War has continued to expand and the overall situation has worsened and domestic. Freud's mood becomes increasingly bitter and skeptical and contrary to the violence. The events are becoming more global. Russia has occurred in the February Revolution and later Bolshevik regime has taken control of the country. Publication of the text "Introduction to Psychoanalysis". Also published "A difficulty of psychoanalysis" written the previous year, "A childhood memory of Goethe's Poetry and Truth," "On the transmutations of instincts and especially the anal eroticism". The "Add to metapsychological theory of dreams" and "Mourning and Melancholia" were written in 1915 and published this year.
1918 The war begins to turn decisively. There is a great Allied counteroffensive against the Germans and the war finally ends. He published "The Taboo of Virginity" written in 1917, "History of an Infantile Neurosis (The Wolf Man)" written in 1914. Is performed, after five years, the International Psychoanalytic Congress in Budapest.
1919 signed peace treaties of the Allied powers with Germany and Austria. The situation of the population is impoverished and Freud himself and his family. The disciple Victor Tausk committed suicide. Ernst Jones founded the British Psychoanalytic Society. Publication of the conference "New ways of psychoanalytic therapy",. It's a technical writing. Only twenty years later would write about art are also published "In memory of James J. Putnam", "The international psychoanalytic publishing prizes for psychoanalytic work", "Introduction to the Symposium on the war neuroses", "Pegana one child "," In memory of Victor Tausk, "the Preface to the book by Theodor Reik" Problems of the psychology of religion "," The Uncanny ", the" Letter to Dr. Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth, "" On teaching of psychoanalysis in college, "written in 1918, and" ETA Hoffman about the function of consciousness "
1920 Sophie Freud dies suddenly following a pneumonia, which was irreparable loss to the family and that Freud tried to cope based on their routine work and reflection. From this year published a trio of small but critical works in which Freud exposes the new model of the mental apparatus, the structural paradigm that will be the research dela Freudian theory from this point forward and integrating basic dualistic position in the drive theory proposing the existence of the death instinct in the first of these works, ie "Beyond the Pleasure Principle." He published "On the psychogenesis of a case of female homosexuality," "For the prehistory of psychoanalytic technique", "In memory of Dr. Anton von Freund", "association of ideas of a girl of four years," Foreword the fourth edition of "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", "Supplements to dream theory" and the article "Memorandum on the electrical treatment of war neurosisde" to be published in 1955. It makes the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis of the war in The Hague and the last he would attend Freud. This time attended with his daughter Anna, future psychoanalyst. London Ernst Jones founded the International Journal of Pycho-Analysis
1921 Freud was appointed honorary member of the Dutch Society of Psychiatrists and Neurologists. This decade marks the presence of psychoanalysis in world culture and with it the giant figure of Sigmund Freud. Austria is developed and succeeds, but there is a great social movement with the emergence of radical movements, nationalist and anti-Semitic horror will drop the Europe in the coming years. Publication of the Prologue to the book of James J. Putnam "Writings on psychoanalysis" and the Preface to the book of J. Varendonck "About fantaseante preconscious thinking." In this year published the book "Psychology and the Analysis of the self", text that follows the line of "Totem and Taboo" and "Beyond the Pleasure Principle." This is an investigation of the dynamics of crowds from the perspective of psychoanalytic psychology individually. Also published "Giving Awards," "Summary of a letter to Eduardo Claparede". In this year he wrote "Psychoanalysis and Telepathy" to be published in 1941.
1922 Anna Freud enters the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. It publishes "Dreams and Telepathy". He published "On Some neurotic mechanisms in jealousy, paranoia and homosexuality", "Appendix to Analysis of a Phobia in a five year old boy (Johnny)", "psychoanalytic papers Contest", the Preface to the book of Raymond de Saussure The psychoanalytic method, "Observations on the unconscious". This year he wrote "Head of Medusa" to be issued en1940.
In mid-February 1923 Freud realizes leukoplakia growth in its jaw and palate. In April it operates. In June Heinele dies his beloved grandson, youngest son of Sophie four years. Caecilie niece is suicidal Graf. He published "Psychoanalysis and the theory of libido", "Notes on the theory and practice of dream interpretation" written in 1922, "A demonic neurosis in the seventeenth century" also written the previous year, "Josef Popper-Lynkeus and dream theory ", the Preface to the book of Max Eitingon called" Report on the Berlin Psychoanalytic Policlinic, "the letter to Luis Lopez-Ballesteros and Torres, and the text" A Sandor Ferenczi ". Post "The infantile genital organization (an interpolation in the theory of sexuality)." Post one of his last major theoretical works: "The Ego and the Id."
1924 Publication of the "Letter to the magazine Le disque vert", the article written last year called "Neurosis and Psychosis" also "The Economic Problem of Masochism", "The end of the Oedipus complex", "The loss of reality in neurosis and psychosis "," Outline of Psychoanalysis "written in 1923, the" Summary of a letter to Fritz Wittels "written in 1923 and the" Communication from the Editor ". Among this year andthe NEXT James, Alix Strachey and Joan Rivierepublican Freud's Collected Papers in four volumes, which is very important for candidates who did not know German.
In June 1925 this year dies at eighty-three years Josef Breuer. At the age of forty-eight years old and a product of a cancerous lung, Karl Abraham dies. Article writing is published last year called "The magic slate". Also published "The letter on the position on Judaism", "Message to the opening of the Hebrew University," the "study autobiography" written in 1924, "The resistance against psychoanalysis" also written the previous year, the Preface to Aichhorn August book called "Youth helpless. Psychoanalysis in juvie", "In memory of Josef Breuer", "Denial", "limits the interpretability of dreams", "Some psychical consequences of the anatomical sexual difference "" The occult significance of dreams "," The moral responsibility for the content of dreams. "
DECADE OF SEVENTY
(1926-1935) [Time and war losses: the new metapsychology applied to culture and religion]
1926 Charter is published on the analysis profane the editor of the Neue Freie Presse ", also the articles" A Romain Rolland "," In Memory of Karl Abraham, "Notes to the work of E. Picworth Farrow called" A memory child of the sixth month of life, "" Psychoanalysis: Freudian School, "a footnote in the book about Hering Israel Levine on" The unconscious ", a" Letter to Les Cahiers Contemporaines on the questionnaire "Au delà de l'amour ". This year he wrote the letter to members of B'nai B'rith Society to be published in 1941y the letter to David Eder to be published in 1941. This year is published a small book on the issue of "profane Analysis" also named as "Can Lay Analysis?." Also published the article written in 1925 called "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety". Psychoanalytic Society is founded in France. It publishes the Revue Francaise of Psychoanalysis.
1927 Publication of the Appendix to the discussion on "Analysis profane" written in 1926. Also published the "; Feet" Appendix to the study on "The Moses of Michelangelo" written in 1914, and "Humor". Post "The Future of an Illusion".
Late in the year 1928 Wilhelm Fliess dies. It publishes "religious experience" written the previous year and "Dostoevsky and parricide" also written in 1927.
1929 Published "A Ernst Jones in its 50th anniversary", the "Letter to Maxim Leroy on a dream of Descartes" and writes the letter to Yibo published in 1954.
1930 happens the "Black Tuesday" of October 29 on the New York Stock Exchange. The "Great Depression" has begun. Frankfort City awarded the Goethe Prize. In September dies at Amalia ninety-five years Nathansohn, mother of Sigmund Freud. Written work was published last year called "The discontents of civilization". It also published the Prologue delfolleto "Tenth anniversary of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute," the "Message parala Medical Review of Reviews, the Letter to Dr. Alfons Paquet, the Discursoen the Goethe House, the letter to Theodor Reik, and type Prólogopara hebreade edition of "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" (published en1934), the Preface to the Hebrew edition of Totem yTabú (published in 1934), two letters to Richard Flatter (publicadasen 1951), and a letter to Juliette Boutonier published in 1955. In this year began working with William Bullit, American journalist and diplomat, a "psychological study" of the personality of the President of the United States Woodrow Wilson.
1931 This year celebrates seventy-five years and in addition to the many congratulations that came, including one of Albert Einstein, the Vienna Medical Society proposed doing so he accepted an honorary member coldly. Also at home natalde Pribor, Moravia, a plaque was placed Freuddió conmemoratoria to which great importance. AsistieronAnna and Martin Freud, Federn and Eitingon ademásde. He published "On the libidinal types", the Foreword to Edoardo Weiss's book "Elements of Psychoanalysis" written in 1930, "The forensic expertise in the process Halsmann" written in 1930, the "Letter to the mayor of Príbor" the Letter to Paul Federn, the preface to the third English edition of "The interpretationof Dreams" and the letter to Georg Fuchs. Also published the article "Female Sexuality". 1932 was published "The conquest of fire" written in 1931, the Preface to Hermann Nunberg's book called "General theory of the neuroses from psychoanalysis" written in 1931, "My relationship with Josef Popper-Lynkeus". This year he wrote the letter to RichardSterba published in 1936, the four letters to Joseph Wortis published en1954 and "Thomas Woodrow Wilson, a psychological study" published in 1967. Psychoanalytic Society is founded in Italy. Psicanalisi Rivista is edited.
1933 In May of this year and in the midst of physical and psychological agony dies Sandor Ferenczi. Freud's situation worsened. In addition to his illness and the losses happened, the political and economic situation in Europe and Austria in particular worsened following the war debts and the Great Depression. Freud had to work hard with their foreign patients to earn enough money for his family and sons. Internal conflicts and radicalized right-wing and nationalist extremists took power. In January asumidocomo Hitler chancellor of Germany. Totalitarianism broke repressive and anti-Semitic. They were years that led Freud to private and public reacentuación his Jewishness. He published the "New Introductory Lectures" or "New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis". Also published "Why the War" written last year, "In memory of Sandor Ferenczi," the Preface to Marie Bonaparte's book called "Edgar Poe, psychoanalytic study," the three letters written in 1932 André Breton, and also writes two letters to J. L.Magnes to be published in 1954. Psychoanalytic Society is founded in the Netherlands.
1934 published the Preface to the Hebrew edition of "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" written in 1930, and the Preface to the Hebrew edition of "Totem and Taboo" also written in 1930, and writes a letter to Havelock Ellis published in 1954. Max Eitingon founded in Jerusalem Psychoanalytic Society.
Freud's 1935 unanimously appointed honorary member of the Royal Society of Medicine in England. Appendix is ​​published in the new issue of "Autobiographical Study," "The subtlety of a Freudian slip", "A Thomas Mann on its 60th anniversary", and write a letter on homosexuality to be published in 1951.
RECENT YEARS
(1936-1939) [The Exile and Death of a Stoic]
1936 Due to circumstances this birthday of Freud was especially private and quiet. Thomas Mann read at home with him and his family the text "Freud and the future". Also got a distinction particularly appreciated. The Royal Society of London named him one of its members, adding to people like Newton and Darwin. Elderly, sick and disillusioned reactivation is diagnosed with cancer. He published "A disorder of memory on the Acropolis. Open letter to Romain Rolland in his 70th anniversary," Letter to Richard Sterba and also writes a draft letter to Thomas Mann and the letter to Barbara Low, both texts published in 1945, and the letter to Kurt Hiller published in 1950.
Died in February 1937 in Göttingen to seventy-five years Lou Andreas-Salome. In June this year died Alfred Adler. It publishes "In memory of Lou Andreas-Salome". Also published "Analysis terminable and interminable" and "Constructions in analysis".
Austria 1938 The situation becomes worse. In March last German troops are "invited" to cross the border into Austria. Hitlerya is in Vienna. Began a chase terroríficacontra all opponents and especially against Jews. The house and the residence of Freud were controlled. The reputaciónde Freud in the highest spheres still protected. The state of Freud was very limiting and would not leave pointing Viena.Jones was convinced that Vienna had already left. Things got even worse. Anna Freud was arrested by the Gestapo on March 22. She was questioned about the International Psychoanalytical Association and luegoliberada. The assets of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, the library and the publisher were confiscated. Finally emigration began. The June 5 Freud and his companions went by rail to France amid a public reception on June 6 came to London, England. Freud is housed in 39 Elsworthy Road. The welcome is very warm and soon you will keep records of the Royal Society for his signature alongside those of Newton and Darwin. Despite multiple requests and complaints ends the third part of the book about Moses. Meanwhile in Boston, Hans Sachs published in American Imago Imago replacement of destroyed by the Nazis in March of this year. In juliolo visit the young and prolific talent Dalí surrealistaSalvador movement. Despite the revival of cancer in three patients analyzed. After that he moved to the pleasant residence of 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead. Meanwhile, the international situation worsens and antisemitism becomes an even more horrific persecution. Lots of European analysts, some legos, emigrated to the United States. London became the new European center of psychoanalysis. It is published later this year, despite everything and everyone, the latest extended Freud called "Moses and Monotheism" which meets three articles written since 1934. It is "Moses, egyptian", "If Moses was an Egyptian" and "Moses, his people and Monotheism". . Between July and September of this year is dedicated to writing the "Outline of Psychoanalysis". Write also "Some elementary lessons psychoanalysis" didactic short essay that began in October, and "The splitting of the ego in the defensive process", both published in 1940. Also published "Comments on Anti-Semitism", "Antisemitism in Britain", the Charter of the André Breton dreams. Write also "Conclusions, ideas, problems," published in 1941, "Two letters to David Abrahamsen published in 1946, James Meithis six cards published in 1951 and three letters to Theodor Reik published in 1952.
1939 is visited by Leonard and Virginia Woolf owners Hogarth Press, and the latter, a remarkable writer. The disease became increasingly yterminar extensive and painful situation for Freud increasingly relied and depended deseable.Freud pretty at this time of his daughter Annay your personal physician Max Schur was generally éldesde 1929 and now in London. Schur also was an admirer of psychoanalysis. Freud trusted him so much that from the beginning and frankly asked, and so I agreed not to let the disease following life is transformed into unnecessary torture. So the first of August 1939 Freud finally ended his medical practice. In September Britain goes to war against Germany and Freud's house taking precautions against air bombardment. Freud was well aware of how it was fading and stretching your body and your life. These days just dozed and watched the garden. The September 19 with a dull and exhausted gesture goodbye to Ernst Jones. The September 21 reminded Schur Freud agreement. Freud wanted to retain control over his life and dignity in spirit until the last moment. Anna finally gave the decision against his father. Schur and September 21 Freud injected three morphine centigrams. Freud fell asleep and then repeated the dose and díasiguente, September 22, he gave a final dose. Freud came Encoma and did not wake up anymore. At three in the morning of September 23, 1939 Sigmund Freud died.
Some posthumous publications.
1940 Publication of the "Outline of Psychoanalysis" written in 1938, "Some elementary lessons of psychoanalysis" also written in 1938, "Head of Medusa" written in 1922, "On the theory of access hysterical" written with J. En1892 Breuer, "The splitting of the ego in the defensive process" written in 1938, the letter to Anna Freud Bernays written in 1939.
1941 Publication of the letter to Josef Breuer written in 1892, Note III written in 1892, "A premonition dream fulfilled" written en1899, "Psychoanalysis and Telepathy" written in 1921, "Address to the members of B'nai B'rith Society "written in 1926," Conclusions, ideas, problems, "written in 1938," Draft letter to Thomas Mann "written in 1936, a letter to Charles Berg about his book" War in the Mind "written in 1939, and Baccalaureate written letter about the en1873.
1942 Published "Psychopathic Characters on the stage" written in 1904.
1945 Publication of the Preface to the book of J. Hobman called "DavidEder" written in 1939, the letter to David Eder written in 1926 and the letter to Barbara Low written in 1936.
1946 are published two letters to David Abrahamsen about Otto Weininger.
1948 Publication of the letter to the editors of "The popular book of psychoanalysis".
1950 are published in the "Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, drafts and notes" escritasentre1887 and 1902 edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud and Ernst Kris.Ademásse published in "The origins of psychoanalysis" the "Project for a Scientific Psychology" written en1895. Also the letter to Kurt Hiller.
1951 Publication of the "Letter on Homosexuality" written in 1935, the six letters of James Meithis and the two letters to Richard Flatter in "Questions and dimensions: Sigmund Freud on Shakespeare".
1952 are published three letters to Theodor Reik in 1938 written a letter to Victor Breuer. 1954 are published two letters to J. L.Magnes written in 1933, a letter written in 1929 Yibo, a letter written in 1934 HavelockEllis and four letters to Joseph Wortis written between 1932 and 1935.
1955 Publication of the "original clinical history Rat Man" written between 1907 and 1908. Also published ten cards written Schaitzler Arthur entre1906 and 1931, the "Memorandum on the electrical treatment of war neuroses" written in 1920, the "Two applications for scholarships for biological research" written in 1876 and a letter to Juliette Boutonier written in 1930. 1956 is published the "Report on my studies in Paris and Berlin" written in 1886.
1957 is published "Dreams in folklore" written with ED Oppenheim en1911.
1960 Publication of the "Correspondence" written between 1873 and 1939.
1963 Publication of "The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister" written between 1909 and 1939.
1965 Publication of "The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham" written between 1907 and 1926. 1966 Publication of "The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salome" written between 1912 and 1936.
1967 Publication of the book "Thomas Woodrow Wilson, a psychological study" written in collaboration with William C. Bullit in 1932.
1969 was published "Some early unpublished letters of Freud" written between 1872 and 1874.