ABSTRACT
Problem
The aim is to assess the degree of influence that has on the attitude of teenagers toward homosexuality after providing distorted information.
Methodology
Stage
The research was held in a hall of the school # 22 of the UANL which is located in Colonia Linda Vista with a sample of 22 adolescents aged between 15 and 16 years, enrolled in the second semester
Results
The values obtained in this survey reflect the influence of information can make a change in the attitudes of adolescents.
In the results obtained regarding the "General Attitude" of adolescents towards homosexuality, it can be seen that both before and after the intervention, the majority of respondents agreed subject an attitude of acceptance.
After surgery, it is remarkable a decrease in tolerance, while Indifference presented a substantial increase and appreciate the appearance of rejection.
The control group, once carried out the intervention, the values remain unchanged. This unlike the Experimental group in which there is a decrease in tolerance and Indifference, appearing some degree of rejection toward homosexuality. Regarding the view that adolescents have of society l stance on homosexuality, it is observed that after the intervention the control group presented an increase in the rejection and tolerance, a decrease in the acceptance and indifference disappears completely. Meanwhile, the Experimental group registration no change to the first application of the instrument
The control group after the intervention in a high percentage increase their knowledge, but not in the experimental group in which the influence of distorted information is reflected in a decrease of knowledge.
Exposition of the problem
It is tried to evaluate-the Influence degree That is had on the attitude of the adolescents towards the homosexuality after providing distorted information to them.
Methodology
Scenario
The investigation took place in a classroom of the High School # 22 of the UANL That is located in the Linda Vista county with a sample of 22 adolescents Between 15 and 16 years old, attending the second semester.
Results
The value Obtained in this survey show how manipulated information can Influence the attitude of adolescents.
In the results of "General Attitude" about homosexuality, it can be Observed That most of it the Surveyed subjects presented an attitude of Acceptance, Either before and after the intervention, After This, however it, it was evident to Decrease in Tolerance to Increase substantial businesses in Indifference, and the emergence of Rejection.
In the Control Group, eleven the intervention was practiced, the values Remained with no change. It was different for the experimental group presented to Which Decrease in Tolerance and Indifference, emerging Rejection to Homosexuality to some extend.
In regard to teenagers' perception acerca how society sees homosexuality, it can be Observed That intervention the control group after the values for Both Increased Rejection and Tolerance and Decreased the value of Acceptance. At the same time, for this group Indifference disappeared. On the other hand, the values Obtained for the Experimental group did not change in relation to the first application of the instrument.
The Control group Increased its knowledge in a high percentage after the intervention, the experimental group Malthus not where the Influence of the distorted information Resulted in a decrement of the knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
"For a mental condition to be considered a psychiatric disorder, emotional instability should occur regularly or be associated with a general failure to comply with the requirements imposed by society, homosexuality does not meet these criteria." (APA)
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed in 1973 to homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses.
Despite recent changes in the public acceptance of homosexuality, the average public attitudes towards homosexuals and their lifestyle, it is still quite negative and differs from many other cultures
Female Homosexuality is much more tolerated. There is some indirect evidence and indicators that suggest a change in public attitudes toward homosexuality, a shift from conviction to greater tolerance.
However, they are weird still qualify to homosexuals as "perverts", "degenerate", "abnormal" or "mentally ill".
Emotions are related to attitudes of a person against certain situation, thing or person.
An attitude once formed, is very difficult to change, it depends largely on the fact that many beliefs, convictions and judgments are sent to the family of origin. Indeed, attitudes can be formed from the first years of life and have strengthened later. Other attitudes are learned from society and other individual directly dependent Nevertheless, there are times that attitudes can be changed, which is due to various reasons.What greater extent can change an attitude is the information we have about the object.
Theories of attitude
Theories of Learning
According to this theory, we learn attitudes the same way we learn everything else. When learning new information, learn the feelings, thoughts and actions that are related to it. To the extent that
are rewarded (reinforced) by them endure learning
These learning theories view people as being primarily passive learning which depends on the number and strength of positive and negative elements previously learned
Theories of cognitive consistency
According to the theories of cognitive consistency, inconsistency between two states of consciousness makes people uncomfortable. Consequently, change or their thoughts or actions with that of being consistent.
Theory of cognitive dissonance
Festinger argued that whenever we have two ideas, attitudes or opinions that contradict, we are in a state of cognitive dissonance or disagreement. This makes us feel uncomfortable psychologically and so we have to do something
to reduce this dissonance
Other conditions that may cause cognitive dissonance are those in which we do something against our strongest beliefs about what is right and proper, when we hold a view that seems to defy the rules of the
logic, when something that contradicts our past experience or when we do something that does not go with our idea of who we are and what we
According to the analysis conferring the formation and change of attitudes. The people watching their behaviors and attribute your feelings to what they do A number of factors determine the effectiveness of persuasive communication to change attitudes. This includes the message source, express mode and characteristics of the audience
HISTORICAL ASPECT OF HOMOSEXUALITY
Before 1869 there was the word homosexuality, when it appeared in a pamphlet written as a public letter to the German Ministry of Justice (Homosexualität in German). He was drafting a new penal code for the North German Federation and emerged the debate over whether to keep the Prussian penal code which stated that sexual contact between persons of the same sex was a crime. The author of the pamphlet, Karl Maria Kertbeny (1824-1882) was one of several writers and jurists began to develop the concept of sexual orientation. This idea that some individuals sexual attraction to persons of the same sex was an inherent and unchanging aspect of his personality was radically new. Before there was the word homosexuality, or his concept had passed thousands of years of history rise and decline of complex societies and perfected. To understand homosexuality today we need to understand its place in these cultures.
The Greeks had no word or concept. It might be correct to say that the Greeks practiced a kind of bisexuality << >> in the sense that, among men at least, was accepted sexual activity with members of both sexes. But even this term accurately describes the sexuality of the Greeks, because of the fundamental differences between the customs of ancient Greece and the customs of our society make comparisons between cultures.
Although the modern term for female homosexuality comes from the Greek island of Lesbos, we know almost nothing of Sappho, the most famous resident of the island, who lived there during the sixth century. C. Sappho's poetry inspired Plato to call it the tenth muse, but the details of his life are incomplete and often come from secondary sources contradictory. Unfortunately, the Greeks did not write much about female sexuality, or Sappho times or in those of Plato.
The ancient Romans adopted to some extent the attitude of the Greeks regarding homosexuality. It is believed that pre-Roman Europe, as the ancient Celts, had homosexual initiation practices may have also had warrior cults in which he accepted homosexual intimate relationships.
The Catholic Church was taking progressively more influence on all aspects of European life as prelates and bishops under Papal direction, were continuously consolidating its power throughout the continent. During this process, many sins as heresy against church doctrine and sodomy offenses became deserved to be punished. In the fourteenth century, the kings and princes of Europe gave way to pressure from the Catholic Church to make sodomy a crime. Often a capital offense. The thirteenth-century English law stipulated that those who had sexual relations with Jews, children and members of their own sex were buried alive.
In the early 1840s, physicians interested in mental illness in their medical journals noted descriptions of people who are persistently were attracted to people of the same sex. A mid-nineteenth century first appeared also people claiming to the abolition of laws punishing "crimes against nature". The most prolific open and clear the speakers was Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895). Ulrichs, one of the first people who used the modern concept of sexual orientation, coined a whole vocabulary to describe homosexual people (several years before a fellow German homosexual wrote a pamphlet). Within its historical context, Ulrichs ideas can be considered revolutionary. Inspired by his belief that sexual orientation was innate, unchangeable and therefore naturally.
Between 1864 and 1869 because there was no vocabulary for this concept coined words and Dionaer Uranier to designate respectively the "men who loved other men" and "ordinary men, later simplified these terms and Dioning Urning. During the later additions to their scripts, Ulrichs expanded his theory creating a complete classification of possible sexual orientations.
Although the classic pseudo Ulrichs vocabulary did not become accepted, yes it was the idea of homosexual identity. His concept of the urning, the homosexual nature contrasted with the concept raised by others, whereby the attraction to persons of the same sex was a symptom of degeneration or physical or mental illness. Unfortunately, this view that homosexuality is a mental illness dominate psychiatry, largely due to the writings of a professor of psychiatry in Vienna, Richard von Krafft-Ebing. The context and the details of the descriptions of Krafft Ebing clearly reveal his desire to emphasize the strange and perverse aspects of the life of the subject, states that "this anomaly can be termed clinically sensitive psychosexual functional sign of degeneration."
Moreover Havellock Henry Ellis, English physician, in 1897 questioned the idea that homosexuality is acquired and not innate and downplayed the power of suggestion. Although not totally rejected the role of childhood experiences, he saw homosexuality as a "thrilling" said "the seed of suggestion can only grow in fertile ground." Maybe it was the first to use the word when talking about homosexuality latent
Ellis was aware that the data from the new field of embryology showed that, as in the animal, in the human embryo sex organs are so undifferentiated that "in the first phase of development does not distinguish the sex." This formulation of the origins of homosexuality be surprised by the presence of the modern theory, believing that evolutionary factors leading to "a modification of the body to fit the body better than normal or average to experience sexual attraction 's own sex. " This postulate so absolutely modern performance of the influence innate biological predispositions and environmental experience remains a basic concept underlying the theory of a wide range of human attributes variables: from the height to the sexual orientation or intelligence.
Ellis advocated the abolition of the status of crime that condemned homosexuality and opposed to treatments intended to cure. He opposed attempts to treat sexual inversion because, for one, thought it could not possibly be cured.
DEFINITIONS
People who decide to share their bodies in sex with same-sex are called gay. Your sexual bond differs in intensity and sincerity convictions regarding heterosexuality. The etymological root of the word homosexual homo is Greek, meaning "same" (as homogeneous). It is derived from the Latin word homo, meaning man, as is often assumed. In fact the term homosexual has no gender, it applies equally to men and women as lovers taking subjects of the same gender. For homosexuals there a special term, namely lesbians. It also derives from the Greek. Sappho, Greek poet who lived around 600 BC wrote poetry expressive and passionate for women (EDITORS Salvat. Terminology Dictionary of Medical Science "Editorial Salvat, SA Barcelona - Spain Year: 1962. Eighth Edition.)
We believe that individual is homosexual, male or female, who feels erotic attraction to members of their own sex. Since you may be attracted to someone without any of it at all erotic, erotic attraction specify that we understand (in the most basic sense of the term) imagine sex (BASTIN, GEORGES "Dictionary of sexual psychology" Editorial Herder: 1989)
The word comes from the Greek homosexual HOMO same meaning, ie a person who likes people of the same sex. You can say that homosexuality is a strong preferential attraction to people of the same sex, they are called gay people who like to share their bodies in sexual and sentimental perhaps with people of the same sex. (Http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/lahomosx/lahomosx.shtml)
APPROACHES TO HOMOSEXUALITY
a) Hormonal Origin Theory
In some animal studies have shown that administration of hormones or changes in their numbers can cause variations in sexual behavior adult role, allowing for homosexual conduct. Today there are no elements to establish a genetic origin of homosexuality expressiveness beyond the genetic etiology of genital responsiveness to sexual stimuli systematically varied. In other words, the human being inherits the ability to respond preferentially to stimuli or others. Within this approach states that homosexuality is biological, congenital and natural. According to this view homosexuality is biological trait that appears in all societies and at all times, basically one is born homosexual although the circumstances of life that one can do this or not appropriate behavior. Consequently one chooses to be homosexual, the homosexual individual is responsible for his guidance.
Another variation on the idea of homosexuality was biological hormonal factor, many researchers have sought combinations of male and female hormones in both male and female homosexuals. According to this theory hormonal homosexuality could be cured, enough to adjust hormone levels. This theory has never been proven convincingly, but we should clarify that not enough hormones to produce or desire, or fantasy, or behavior, or sexual pleasure.
Another variation within biological conception regarding homosexuality is the field of genetics. In the last thirty years have studied possible genetic aspects on this topic; has shown that homosexual individuals are more likely to have a gay brother than heterosexuals, but not yet found a correlation between gay brothers and lesbian sisters. The fact that two brothers share the same sexual orientation is not evidence of a common genetic trait.
b) Psychosocial and Psychotherapy Theories
Freud's psychoanalytic theory considered an innate bisexuality explaining latent tendencies towards homosexuality that can be activated with certain pathological conditions. He saw the sex drive as specific in relation to sex object where the satisfaction and still looking as indifferent to the kind of object. Other theories of psychoanalysis reject innate bisexuality and point to various experiences of childhood and adolescence to cause homosexual behavior.
Importantly, almost all studies that attempt to demonstrate the psychological origin of homosexuality, have been conducted in populations of homosexuals, who were patients of psychoanalysts, psychiatrists or institutions, which inevitably skews and invalidates the sample.
At present there are other approaches that have been accepted, as the case of Marmor (1978), which states that homosexuality is "multidetermined psychodynamic factors, socio-cultural, biological and situational". Bell's study (1981), through the complex and careful analysis of a sample of gay, states that there is no universal family socio chance to explain homosexual experience.
c) Triangular system
The child unit (homosexual) / mother / father is analyzed as a system, which includes the basic process of interaction in interpersonal relationships that establish the foundation for the development of personality. We believe that personality is forged within this family core triangular system, consequently that is where the bad adaptations are primarily rooted personality.
The family with more than one child have more of a triangular system, each performing with other subsystems of the family. The psychological environment of homosexual son clearly differs from his brethren.The quality and style of the attitudes and parental discipline, personality and behavior of the various members of the family, attitudes signals and verbal and nonverbal, conscious or unconscious, the vast and complex mix of interacting patterns operating in family dynamics influence the triangular system.
d) Homosexuality by Location or by deprivation
In some special cases where the deprivation of the female figure is for long (prisons, schools for men, seminaries, monasteries, etc..) Can occur homosexual experiences, some voluntarily and others forced.In most of these cases are optional homosexual conduct. , But equally voluntary homosexual behaviors occur. Some people after passing this stage return to their normal heterosexual situation.
TREATMENTS
a) Psychoanalysis
The most powerful method that psychoanalysts have invented to discourage an activity is the requirement that the patient investigates their motivations and fully understood before do what you want and even before testing the activity in question for a period. To try to convince the patient that must change homosexual psychoanalysts make use of the resource to explain all the difficulties that he suffers as a consequence of homosexuality. The inability to relate to people, the difficulties with the authorities and with members of the opposite sex, including the impossibility of reviewing creative work are problems that, at one time or another been attributed to psychoanalysts homosexuality. This is extremely demoralizing for patients and away from the possibility of finding solutions. Instead of helping an individual to understand how offensive to others or himself prevents work, the analyst inoculated concern for his homosexuality and the alleged damage that this will cause. In an effort to produce a change in the patient, psychoanalysts do not hesitate to instill fears of all kinds.
Instead of appealing to hell, which is worth the preachers to terrorize homosexuals, psychoanalysts warn those that suffer a dissolute life, incomplete existence a miserable old age.
b) Restorative Therapy
It is derived from the study and treatment of individuals seeking treatment for psychological change their sexual orientation. These individuals have an extremely negative attitude toward homosexuality and toward himself.
Give cure homosexuals damaged masculinity emerged from a difficult relationship between parent and child where the child feels inferior to men and then the idealized and eroticized. The homosexual is attracted to men because trying, unconsciously, to heal his damaged masculinity. Another explanation is that homosexuals have adopted a homosexual identity because it serves as defense against the anxieties that cause male-female intimacy and other challenges of adult life.
The customer must fight to break old patterns of avoidance and defensive distancing men to create close friendships, intimate and sexual with them. Acting as feel more heterosexual heterosexual.
Rather than helping these patients to attempt to discover the source of their negative feelings about themselves, this therapy instills the idea that feelings of unhappiness are solely and directly the result of his homosexuality.
c) Systematic desensitization
Created by Joseph Wolf, this is based is that an individual can not be anxious and relaxed at the same time. The situation giving rise to sexuality, or any other difficulty that supposedly requires treatment, is seen as a rising curve.
Most likely, the method is effective with certain types of problems, among which the main problem is fear.
The use of systematic desensitization is based on the assumption that when a patient is released from the anxiety linked with normal sexual intercourse, leaving his homosexual desires, without being subjected to a treatment aimed directly at his homosexuality.
d) Moral suasion
Their techniques range from serene explanations to the pr or procedure to reproduce the sound of vomiting on tape, all to prove that homosexuality is wrong lake.
In their study, persuasion was attempted after giving the patient an emetic drug, apomorphine. As part of treatment, one night the patient wakes up every two hours and made to hear a tape in which a tone in terms downright inspiring and optimistic, he explained everything that would be achieved if one could operate a reversal of his homosexual ... Systematically continue giving stimuli to be increasing and decreasing their homosexuality heterosexuality; treatment lasting several months.
In general, the treatment is to convince, persuade the patient that homosexuality is abnormal from the moral standpoint.
CASES
Sue was the m to s youngest of three children, and four to ten í ñ old when his mother left them or. She saw her mother off during his childhood, but never felt or intimacy with her. Sue output or with boys several times in the Institute, but when ten t to about 20 yea rs or became involved in homosexual relationships.
He began to be treated with psychotherapy or to resolve the sadness and the anger felt toward her mother í to. As your understanding of the problem crec í to, he realized that none of the guys I had to come pod í í to provide the affection that neither ñ ñ a small inside to her mother craved. For a time his girlfriends affection consoled him. However, these relationships not an í satisfaction either. Gradually Sue saw that and a small ñ ñ in him needed to heal the pain of that "maternal loneliness" before he could have a relationship or n stable adult with love without sex outside of marriage.
Diane was a young architect whose father was an angry alcoholic or acid. Hab í to witnessed during yea rs f í abuse or logical psych musician and her father had inflicted í to his mother. In his early teens, Diane í atra boys and even an outlet or with them. But in college was found to sa or much more comfortable with other girls and acab or by realizing that ten í too afraid to be hurt as his mother if undert í to a man. A satisfactory Diane í not an homosexual relationships. During therapy, recognition or that his father controlled their relationships with boys and decided or act decisively to break the parent domain about his friendships with men.
Jim was a nice man, married and have two children í. He enjoyed his work, but ste é was very demanding and full of pressure. His wife Jean also é n ten t to a busy career and full of tension or n. In the evenings, in addition to s of caring for their children, they both spent time their careers. As a result, they spent little time together.
Under this tension or n Jim began or to visit pornographic bookstore to FICAS í as close to work and all í or became involved in homosexuality. Í then sent to very guilty for having betrayed his wife, his children and God.
Ralph was the oldest of three children and grew up in a household or in which his father ten í a great difficulty in expressing love to his family. The need for their father to distance themselves ition s was itself the result of parental alcoholism. The wounds in the infancy of this man an í hac to be unable to dem í s because they sent to insecure and uneasy to relate interpersonally in t é terms of love and affection lis. As a consequence, Ralph's mother was very unhappy and divorcees or when Ralph í ten to 12 yea rs. Ralph remembered feeling the man of the house é s after the divorce of his parents.Sent to ten í í to take responsibility for his mother and younger siblings.
When Ralph í ten to 13 yea rs much will gust or a girl in his class. But he sent a confused í í sent because no attraction or nf í to music to her. Continu or confused by this and although did not want to feel atra í í do to men, or their first experiment homosexual desires when í ten to 15 yea rs.
Ralph began therapy or when ten í to 25 yea rs. He had never practiced homosexuality í to and hoped to overcome their homosexual temptations and marry alg ú nd y. At the beginning of treatment, Ralph realized they had a sense í overly responsible for the happiness of his mother for many years and this ñ í had to set up for a big load é l. That he had pressure or n í has caused an unconscious fear of getting into a relationship or n deep with a girl.
Under the pressure of these conflicts or n, homosexual relations í he seemed an attractive by being free of excessive responsibility. His greatest knowledge of your fears commitment of love with a woman he was released and filled with hope for the future.
Paul was sensitive and very t í I measure due to his small stature ñ. Although not directly sent to í rejected by his company ñ Eros ad é í sat weak and inadequate. Since I was not physically strong f í, í pod did not think u n ning practicing sport. As in é l increased sense of self-isolation of their compa eros ñ, é n also increased the dislike of his own body. He was very concerned appearance and music f í í never sent to ac or quit so Ndose shirt in the school locker room or by the pool in the summer.
Before his teens, Paul began or obsessed with shapely bodies of his friends. In this obsessive thinking followed strong feelings of attraction or n to those guys and then homosexual desires.
When started practicing homosexuality or college, usually imagined asum í to the body of his companion ñ eros gay and he woke with different psycho í f. His first homosexual encounters he produced a very superficial sense of feeling special and being loved, but did not give greater self-acceptance or n. In fact, as in ca í to í promiscuity is sent each time m s inc or so to himself, then decided to begin receiving therapy or
METHOD
Hypothesis
Given the distortion of information young people change their attitude of rejection pro
VI: Talk with distorted information about homosexuality
VD: Attitude of adolescents
- Universe: School # 22
- Subjects: Youth preparatorianos
- Sample: 22 adolescents aged between 15 and 16 years
- Scenario and Environment: Classroom and school yard # 22
- Instrument: semistructured scale to measure attitudes and knowledge
- Procedure
He went to high school No. 22 and working with a group of young people between 15 and 16 years, was applied in a classroom semistructured instrument scale to measure attitudes and knowledge, as requested name told them record their initials on the instrument and thus able reaplicarle the same subjects, then this application is separated into two group of 11 young, to give a talk about homosexuality, the control group went outside where they received chats with correct information, the experimental group remained in the living room and I provide distorted information, after 15 minutes the talk hard proceeded to gather the group back and quote them for the next day.
The next day we returned and reaplicamos the instrument, at the end of this, the experimental group was explained that the information given above was wrong, it was part of the research and then gave them the correct information, and finally be thanked assistance provided.
RESULTS
GRAPHICS GROUP ATTITUDE BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTERVENTION
In the following attitudes emphasizes that (one) that reflects your stance on homosexuality.
a) Tolerance (not prevent a thing)
b) Indifference (which preferably has no reason
c) Acceptance (approval, this does not mean that you are)
d) Rejection (no pass)
The results regarding the general attitude towards homosexuality teens, it can be seen that both before and after application of the instrument most respondents agreed subject an attitude of acceptance, in terms of tolerance after intervention presented a decrease, indifference presented a substantial increase likewise shows the onset of rejection.
The attitude of the control group before and after the intervention applied variations registration
The results regarding the attitude towards homosexuality experimental group after the intervention, we can observe that remained stable attitude of acceptance, in terms of tolerance was a significant decrease, indifference and presented a substantial increase as that the results obtained in the general survey presents the appearance of rejection.
What is the attitude of society towards homosexuality, in your opinion?
a) Tolerance (not prevent a thing)
b) Indifference (which preferably has no reason
c) Acceptance (approval, this does not mean that you are)
d) Rejection (no pass)
Regarding the position of the society towards homosexuality in the opinion of teens surveyed, rejection increased after the intervention, recorded a slight decline acceptance as indifference, however tolerance is increased.
The control group showed an increase in the rejection regarding how society has towards homosexuality, regarding acceptance after the intervention was a slight decrease disappears indifference and tolerance increases.
The opinion of adolescents about the position that society has about homosexuality, not register variation.
KNOWLEDGE GRAPHICS BEFORE AND AFTER INTERVENTION
Recorded knowledge by adolescents in the control group about homosexuality after the intervention was significantly increased.
As for the registration of the knowledge of the experimental group, this was influenced by the information given in the intervention, presenting a decrease in the number of hits.
CONCLUSIONS
The main objective of this work is to know as to the distortion of information young people change their attitude of rejection pro discovering the ease at which this happens when given misinformation, seeing this very clearly in the experimental group in which the influence distorted information is reflected in a decrease of knowledge, so we see the importance of protecting the information that is provided to a teenager.
The attitude of adolescents both before and after the intervention, coincided with an attitude of acceptance. After surgery, it is remarkable a decrease in tolerance, while Indifference presented a substantial increase and appreciate the appearance of rejection.
Unlike the control group that did not undergo any change the Experimental presented a decrease in tolerance and Indifference, appearing some degree of rejection of homosexuality. Inversely with reference to the view that adolescents have of society's stance on homosexuality, the control group was the one that presented an increase in the rejection and tolerance, a decrease in the acceptance and complete disappearance of Indifference .
The main project is intended to carry out a scheme in which show the factors that influence the inclination of homosexuality but because of various difficulties and failed attempts at the application of the instrument had to take a turn around the research focused attitudes and knowledge of adolescents.
REFERENCES
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/lahomosx/lahomosx.shtml
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/homosex/homosex.shtml
http://www.vidahumana.org/vidafam/homosex/factores.html
http://abcsexologia.estilisimo.com/Article76.html
Psychology, Papalia, Diane E., McGrawHill
Psychology, Whittaker, James O., McGrawHill
A Psychology Today, Cerda, Enrique, Edir. Herder, Intelligence
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