FIELD THEORY
Could also indicate that these theorists have also inherited the interest of the Gestalt by the problems of perception and knowledge. However, there is an interest in these issues for themselves, as is typical of these, it would be good to go more to the perceptual and cognitive processes, in general, explain to them the behavior of organisms. Hence, psychologists conduct field does not explain the associations between stimuli and responses, pavlov and behavioral-but by the relationships or associations between stimuli, as perceived or known by the agencies.
It is hard to mention his name without mentioning his inclination towards mathematics, geometry and physics, his writings continually manage forces, vectors, areas, regions, etc.., Precisely because of the clarity and logic that have these sciences.
Do not think that this inclination has had a negative effect on psychology, as Lewin was and wanted to be first and foremost a psychologist and as such, although many of his concepts take those sciences, given a strictly psychological content. His great concern was the explanation of individual behavior from all of the psychological factors that act effectively on a person at a particular time and particular-this is what draws all living space on the other hand, consider the same person with their motivations, personality, learning, frustration, etc.., is also part of this space and, therefore, the forces emanating from those factors must interact with the forces arising from that person.
Lewin thought of an individual as a complex field of energy, a dynamic system that addresses needs and tensions perceptions and actions. The behavior (C) in a function (f) a person (P) interacting with an environment (E). In his formula
C = f (P, E)
Each person moves into a psychological field living space call Lewin. A living space contains certain purposes and positive and negative valences. The valences or changes create vectors that attract or repel. To represent these concepts borrowed Lewin topology geometry non-quantitative representational. Its aim was to develop a "topological psychology." To show the separation of a person from the world Lewin diagrammed as a living space curves confinement in Jordan-ways-egg silhouettes:
P and E are the individual space, and the curve separates the living space from the rest of the world. Lewin jobs are filled diagrams like this.
Rather, Lewin was focused on the behavior of the individual subject. For he was much more useful to know a single case in depth that many in just a few aspects. The whole, or Gestalt, the living space of the child should be studied, and since each living space is different, requires an intense and concentrated effort.
According to Lewin, the child's living space is small and undifferentiated. A child is able to perceive and feel affection only for a small portion of the environment. As it develops, the living space becomes larger and differential. To illustrate this change, Lewin gave an example of a doll placed near the child, which could be removed and even broken without any protest of the child, the same action would provoke a backlash from a three year old. Lewin also described a large number of experiments in which children had to solve problems of diversion. In one of these, a chocolate was placed on one side of a barrier and the child in the other. The child (C) has to make a detour (D) around the barrier (B) to achieve positive valence Chocolate (CH).
Lewin also presented descriptions and diagrams of constellations or conflicting forces. Various types of conflicts diagrammed this was the third:
The child is between two negative valences. An example of this would be when a parent uses a threat or punishment (P) to force the child to do something (T) does not want to do. Now, two avoidance vectors are active simultaneously. The most common, according to Lewin, is the "lopsided result" of the two vectors (R) that allows the child to try to escape from the camp.
What are the main features of the field of psychology?
Lewin was interested primarily in the study of human motivation. Consequently, the field theory did not develop as learning theory, but motivation and perception. However, Lewin took care of the application of his theory to learning situations and wrote some works in this regard. The researcher thought that the net effect of simultaneous psychological forces that operate in a psychological field or in a living space of an individual, promotes the reorganization of the field and, in this way, provides the basis for psychological behavior. Thus, its basic concept and complete was the vital space. Thus, the living space has become relativistic model of psychological thought. Includes everything you need to know about a person, in order to understand their specific behavior in a specific psychological and at any given time. Accordingly, it includes both the individual being studied as to their psychological environment. Its use implies that we can not understand why an individual behaves as it does, simply knowing the characteristics of a person or their environment, instead, we need to know both.
Psychological studies sponsored by Lewin focused on five different types of problems: a) memory of unfinished tasks, b) development of aspiration levels, c) replacement of acts to release tension, d) development of satiation in regard to performing tasks, e) development of anger. All these studies involved changes Lewin psychological stresses and tensions developing equate the growth of purpose or intent.
The primary psychological interest lay Lewin both conditions motivating people situations and environments, as in the practices and democratic principles. Consequently, it is not accidental that his psychological system provides the basis for a psychology of
learning related to democratic society of the United States. Although field theory is applicable to all areas of psychology, particularly useful in social psychology, education and personality.
He was convinced that the various theories of stimulus-response conditioning represented an inappropriate method for the study of psychology therefore developed his "psychology of the field" so that got to be fundamentally different from the various behaviorisms. While studying behavioral psychology as a series of events, the word field, in the context of the field of psychology implies that, according to a psychological interpretation, everything happens at once.
What is the method of the field of psychology?
The psychology of Lewin's field is known, precisely as topological and vector psychology. In developing his psychology, Lewin take ideas and concepts from other disciplines, primarily of geometry and physics. The main concepts were taking "topology" of the geometry and the "vectors" of physics, however, to use these and other related concepts are not rigidly attached to the definitions in science were original, but the I take the most useful for their system of psychology.
By using the topological and vector concept, Lewin represent psychological reality according to field relations of a person with psychological environment.
What is the role of theories and laws in the field of psychology?
Lewin use many theories and hypotheses. In his view, theories coordinated played two roles: explaining what is known and, in that way, pointing the way to new knowledge, hence the scientific method not only included the processes of observation and classification of data, but also the formulation and testing of hypotheses. It was not enough to let the facts be expressed by themselves.
The purpose was to formulate Lewin-relations-laws to predict the behavior of individuals in their specific individual spaces. He was convinced that in order to understand and predict behavior, we must consider a person and fact pattern common environment and interdependent functions.
What are the key concepts of the field of psychology or topological vector?
In developing the field of psychology, I often use constructs Lewin. A construct is an idea invented. He points out that the concept under consideration is not perceived directly, but a notion that describes or explains the phenomena that we perceive. In the same way that the concepts of atom and gene are not psychological constructs, living space, person and valence are examples of psychological constructs. In a sense, science is a matter of invention, development, refinement and testing of the constructs. The call Lewinianos phenotypes observed data and constructs representations of unobservable genotypes.
By studying these concepts, readers should keep in mind the essential idea of the field of psychology, namely, that the meanings of all constructs are mutually interdependent. Each depends for its meaning from the others. So, no independent and dependent variables, as in the theories of stimulus-response conditioning, instead, all psychological variables are interdependent.
We must also guard against physical things become psychological constructs, whose purpose is to strengthen relationships, primarily functional in nature, for example, we should not think for a moment that person stands psychological biological organism, or consider the psychological environment and physical and the same concept.
What is a living space?
Living space is a scientific formulation of a number of situations not repeated, but which are juxtaposed, each of which has its propensities and unique relationships. Was developed in order to: a) express what is possible and impossible in the life of a person, and b) predict what is likely to happen. Represents the overall pattern of factors or influences that affect the behavior of an individual at one time or over a longer period.
The living space is a person's psychological world or contemporary situation. Includes the person and his psychological environment, the part of his physical and social environment with which this
psychologically involved in a given time or a longer period, because it is relevant for their purposes at the time.
A living space not represent physical objects as such, but functional and symbolic relations; therefore includes not only the currently perceived objects, but also memories, language, myths, arts, and religion predictions.
A living space consisting of functional regions that have a positive or negative valence. A living space is surrounded by a helmet strange not psychological aspects of physical and social environment at the time of the study, there are psychological for the given person.
What is topology?
Ideas or topological terms, constructs, when applied to psychology, illustrating the position of a person in relation to their functional goals and obstacles to achieving them. Thus, the topology shows the various possibilities for locomotion or psychological behavior.
The topology is a measure geometry, covering concepts such as interior, exterior and limits but is not concerned with the length, width or thickness.
The living spaces are topologically equal. Each is an area completely circumscribed within a defined region greater.
What do the vectors?
In the area of psychology, a vector is a force that influences the psychological movement toward a goal or away from it. Strength is a tendency to act in one direction or another. Vector is a concept equivalent to a psychological force that describes it. If there is only one vector-force-be locomotion in the direction pointed to by the vector, if two or more vectors pointing in several different senses, movement occurs in the direction of the resultant force.
While topological concepts are used to illustrate what is structurally possible vector concepts describing the dynamics of a situation, what is happening or likely to happen.
Auxiliary key concepts of the field of psychology.
Person: a being who consciously behaves. Within capabilities and needs. What means a child say "I".
Psychological Environment: all this in what, to or of what a person can move psychologically, or do something about it. The people and the psychological environment are mutually interdependent.
Weird Helmet living space: all complex psychological facts surrounding a living space. The part of the physical and social environment of a person who, at any given time, is not included in your psychological environment.
Regions: significant psychological conditions, places, objects and activities functionally defined as parts of a living space. Have positive or negative valences.
Valencias: Acts environmental imperatives, which may be positive or negative. Properties that have regions of a living space, whether on or away from them an individual.
Needs: States of a person (focus on it), if exist in relation to a goal, have a part in the determination of behavior directed toward that goal.
Capacities: Cognitive (person-centered)-capabilities for the environment. -Handling capabilities to affect the environment.
Voltage: is closely related to the psychological and described.
Target: A region or valence forces pointing located inside a living space. Region of living space. Living space region, directed toward or psychologically which attracts a person.
Barrier: Part dynamics of an environment that opposes motion through it. The one that stands in the way of a person, as an obstacle to the achievement of their goals.
Forces: immediate determinant of a person's movements. The tendency to act in a way
Cognitive Structure: An environment that includes a person, as known this. They are synonymous insight or understanding. They have a dimension-clarity.
What is the behavior?
The psychological behavior includes purpose and intelligence. Speaking of behavior, psychologists locomotion involve psychological field, but not necessarily any physiological movement. Conduct means any change to a living space that is subject to psychological laws.
What kinds of changes are learning?
Lewin believed that learning consists of four types of changes: a) change in cognitive structure, b) change in motivation, c) change in allegiance or ideology of the group, d) increased control and dexterity voluntary muscle .
OF TABLES AND STRESS.
The person is a locomotor body: moving lives, want to go places or withdraw from them, take things or get rid of them. One can represent the desires (desires that Freud called Holt) and valences. An object that a person wishes to itself has a positive valence, and it is possible represent it by a vector indicating a force pushing the body to the desired object. An object with a negative valence push the person away from the. If you have a person in a field with a number of objects, and if known few-valence vectors are and what direction they are, could one calculate the resultant of forces in order to see what will the person?
The difficulty is this: man is not acting in a physical world but in a psychological environment in which reality is what he perceives or believes. The longest path (physical) is often shorter (psychological) within the living space. One can place a barrier between a child and a desired object. It can be a fence or a paternal prohibition. The distance to the object is increased by the barrier or may decrease again Three, Holt, Tolman and Lewin, believed that if one can describe the reason and purpose in deterministic terms can also explain and psychology have obtained predictive nature many have looked human. Holt talk about cause and effect, but Lewin, who liked that analysis, I mean force fields. Field theory, Lewin thought, is the newest conceptual scientific system. I call it Galilean. According to him, the views above depend on Aristotelian theory class. In the theory class, one "explains" an object or event referring to the class to which it belongs ignoring all the particular ways in which the object or event differs from the purpose of the class representative. In field theory, on the other hand, one takes into account all individuals in their relationships. Ideally, one does not have to rule out variability, because the individual case is what one wishes to understand. In this respect the views of Lewin agrees with the basic values of American psychology, which, seeking to be functional, have always been interested in individual differences.
There is much more on the psychology of Lewin. Use the concept of tension for motivation or need, and held that the voltage is discharged when the goal is reached or there is some other means of releasing energy, as when a goal is achieved substitute. Perhaps the use of this concept is the true mark of dynamic psychology. It is not inconsistent with the other statement that all use dynamic psychologies field theory, which is another way of saying that when the forces are unbalanced field, the action continues until equilibrium is reached. This is success, failure and frustration create tension.
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